METHODOLOGY
An increasing body of empirical evidence indicates that shared modes can provide numerous transportation, land use, environmental, and social benefits. While impact studies on roundtrip…
METHODOLOGY
The methodology included 16 potential cost items and 12 benefit items that were considered by analysts. Each item was defined and a basic formula was used calculate model inputs. An…
Due to their increasing presence app enabled transportation technologies have attracted significant research attention. To help assess what the consensus on these technologies has been, a research…
Methodology
A qualitative analysis focusing on the subsequent impacts of these four emerging technologies on transportation system dynamics and a quantitative analysis focusing on system design and…
In response to this controversy, a research team empirically assessed the effect of TNCs on urban congestion. To do this the team gathered Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level data on congestion…
Major benefits identified by the TCRP team related to data sharing were as follows:
Promoting transparency and increasing awareness of an agency and its engagement with customers.
Spurring innovation…
Methodology
Researchers used the HCM-6 methodology to assess the differences in equal capacity passenger car equivalent (EC-PCE) associated with Truck Platooning using CAV technology. Changes in…
Researchers at the Highway Loss Data Institute, a part of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, studied the real-world effects of eight different ADAS on driver safety. The eight technologies…
A research team modeled smart charging systems to estimate the potential benefits of these systems. To do this the team first developed an optimized model of smart charging in the abstract. Then the…
Depending on the system design, sightline assumption, intersection advanced driver assistance system (I-ADAS) variation, and fleet penetration, an I-ADAS system that automatically applies emergency…
Methodology
To help answer some of the questions around performance of level two active driving systems, a research team from the American Automobile Association (AAA) Foundation for Traffic Safety…
A research team at Argonne National Laboratory assessed the net benefits from this growth in electric vehicle sales. The team first collected a wide variety of publicly available information on…
Methodology
Using a microscopic simulation model test bed, the researchers evaluated the proposed control algorithm's performance compared with three other approaches.
Baseline - Human driving…
Findings:
The simulations run by the researchers determined that at a 100 percent MPR, the LAV technologies would be capable of reducing emissions of various GHGs by 18 to 20 percent. This…
The main analysis relies on the traffic data from the Annual Urban Mobility Scorecard (AUMS) maintained by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute. The AUMS is a comprehensive dataset that…
Methodology:
The study analyzed crash data in which alcohol was detected in the blood of at least one involved driver to assess the impact that in-vehicle alcohol detection systems could have to…
To better estimate the effects of full US vehicle fleet electrification, the American Lung Association conducted a modeling study. The team first collected data on vehicle emissions, current US…
Methodology
Data on Class 8 trucks operating on limited-access highways during 2017–2019 were obtained from SmartDrive Systems. All 62 carriers in the study operated trucks both with and without…
Benefits
Kadence performs best when all four algorithms (cycle length, splits, offsets, and left-turn phase) are enabled in the system parameters set-up. Enabling one algorithm alone, while disabling…
FINDINGS
Newer delivery technologies have "vast potential to reduce" CO2 emissions from delivery transport. Autonomous delivery vehicles emit, on average, 98 percent less CO2 than conventional…
FINDINGS
Commercial truck drivers prefer to obtain parking availability information through roadside dynamic message signs (DMS); however, about 55 percent of drivers use traveler information…
FINDINGS
Cities with bike share systems have seen "population-level increases in cycling" and hence decreased sedentary transportation.
Cities usually considered car-centric, like Los Angeles, have…
FINDINGS
The potential high costs of deploying a SmartPark project have been a deployment barrier. Although some projects such as those implemented by the Mid America Association of State…
511 systems, also called traveler information systems, were one of the first intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies to see widespread deployment in the United States. These systems…
FINDINGSDockless bike share systems likely "strongly connect" to public transit due to their flexibility. Findings suggest planners can use dockless bike sharing services as a means to extend the…
Findings
Vehicle pricing is an economically efficient way to capture the costs of these externalities associated with the use of cars and trucks.
Almost every pricing mechanism has successfully…
Findings
The study calculated the benefits of implementing DSRC in 2019 instead of delaying 3, 5, or 7 years.
Assuming three-year delay, 7.4 million-8.1 million crashes; 2.8 million-3.1 million…
Findings
57 percent of respondents stated they would likely switch to an Autonomous Vehicles for daily community purposes
71 percent of respondents stated they would use an Autonomous Vehicles to…
Methods
In order to estimate net energy impacts of CAVs researchers at the University of Texas at Austin first conducted a literature review to estimate the energy effects of CAVs. Researchers then…
FINDINGS
The adoption of the 6C protocol greatly reduced SRTA's roadside RFID reader costs. Transponder (windshield sticker) costs were reduced from $9.20 per unit to $0.78 per unit. This unit cost…
FINDINGS
Simulation found that connected vehicles can reduce secondary crash risk by one-third in areas with high-volume traffic and 25 percent connected vehicle market penetration. In areas with few…
The paper proposed Delta-tolling, a modified micro-tolling scheme, as an effective method to set dynamic toll values. Delta-tolling assigns tolls in a network proportionally to the difference between…
FINDINGS
In general, findings indicated that respondents were least interested in traffic sign recognition and left-turn assist technologies. The two most appealing technologies were blind-spot…
FINDINGS
Increase efficiency - Drivers who know their behavior is being monitored tend to perform according to company and regulatory standards, which can reduce accidents and damage to vehicles and…
FINDINGSBusiness case analyses concluded that large, for-hire, over-the-road (OTR) truckload (TL) and less-than-truckload (LTL) line-haul fleets and private fleets are best positioned as early…
FINDINGS
The findings showed a 38 percent overall reduction in rear-end crashes for vehicles fitted with AEB compared to a comparison sample of similar vehicles.
There was no statistical evidence…
FINDINGS
Auto ownership: 9 percent to 10 percent of respondents in two surveys stated that they gave up a vehicle after joining ridesharing. One of these studies included a representative sample of…
FINDINGS
Both "with CAV" and "with guidance" scenarios resulted in significant reductions in fuel consumption, with emissions reduced approximately 6 percent compared to the base case.
The "with CAV…
FINDINGS
Fuel consumption benefits ranged from 2.02 to 58.01 percent. The CO2 emissions benefits ranged from 1.97 to 33.26 percent. The results reflected variation in market penetration rates for…
FINDINGS
Throughput benefits ranged from 0.88 to 7.06 percent under a saturated traffic condition and from 1.74 to 10.80 percent under an oversaturated traffic condition. Variations were caused by…
FINDINGS
The field test results showed that the Eco-driving Guidance could reduce fuel consumption by approximately 20 to 40 percent, and the Eco-signal System could reduce fuel consumption up to 45…
FINDINGS
The average energy saved compared to a baseline condition was 7.1 percent for level terrain, 4.4 percent for uphill terrain, and 8.1 percent for the downhill case.
FINDINGSLDW and LDP were estimated to prevent 59 percent and 67 percent of crashes, respectively, when the shoulder width was at least 3.6 m. In contrast, when no shoulder was present, LDW was found…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
This analysis shows that three passenger vehicle crash avoidance technologies – front crash prevention, lane maintenance, and blind spot detection – have the potential to prevent more…
FINDINGS
Crash involvement rates for lane-change crashes of all severity types were 14 percent lower among vehicles with blind spot warning systems compared to those without .
If every U.S. passenger…
METHODOLOGYThis report entailed some three dozen interviews with topic experts, public agency representatives, and private transit service providers and sponsors, as well as a review of relevant…
FINDINGSDrivers without the HUD FCW had a near-crash rate of 0.78 while drivers using the HUD FCW had a near-crash rate of 0.51. Thus, the effectiveness was estimated at 35 percent.
FINDINGS
The modeling effort demonstrated that that bottleneck capacity can be increased by a factor of two if vehicles can be organized to cross intersections in platoons with 0.75 s headway at 45…
FINDINGS
Findings were based on data collected from 30 respondent state DOTs. More than 50 percent of responding states use field inventory, integrated GPS/GIS mapping, video log, and aerial imagery…
FINDINGS
The results indicate that intersection safety may improve in the presence of AVs. However, the safety effects of treatments (intersection design and signal timing treatments for turning…
FindingsParticipants who received alerts while texting chose larger gaps (mean gap size of 3.68 s versus 3.56 s in the control and 3.50 s in the texting conditions), were more discriminating in their…
METHODOLOGY
The analysis utilized second-by-second operations data collected via global positioning system (GPS) devices from buses operated by each transit agency. Researchers simulated the…
The system was tested only for one case scenario at a common four-leg intersection with eight-movements. Each leg had one left-turn lane and one through/right-turn shared lane. This intersection was…
FINDINGS
The baseline scenario for the analysis assumed that a decision to wait for C-V2X would result in a delay of 5 years (3-year and 7-year delays are also analyzed). For the 5-year baseline…
The system was tested only for one case scenario at a common four-leg intersection with eight-movements. Each leg had one left-turn lane and one through/right-turn shared lane. This intersection was…
Findings
The addition of a single drone working alongside a truck is estimated to provide a savings per square mile of delivery area of approximately $15.40, assuming an expensive drone cost-per-…
Findings
The suggested approach was found to reduce travel time by 28 to 32 percent over the base case and 11 to 28 percent over the variable speed limit algorithm.
Findings
The suggested approach was found to reduce per-vehicle fuel consumption by 12 to 17 percent over the base case scenario and 2 to 12 percent over the state-of-the-art variable speed limit…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
Results reflected a range of connected vehicle market penetration rates and traffic demand scenarios. The proposed algorithm outperformed loop actuated control by reducing delay by as much…
Findings
Simulation analysis found that the algorithm can reduce connected vehicle fuel consumption levels by as much as 40 percent, though to yield any benefits the connected vehicle market…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
Based on the online surveys of state department of transportation and emergency management, ongoing benefits of HAR include:
Provides more detail than other traveler information services…
Findings
For the range of test conditions examined, the net fuel savings for the full vehicle platoon was measured to be between 5.2 percent and 7.8 percent. The combined effect of platooning and…
Findings
ACO-ECO reduces the network-wide fuel consumption and Carbon dioxide emissions by 2.3 to 6.0 percent. LPS-ECO reduces fuel consumption by 38 percent.
Findings
Drivers in the control group (no warning messages) anticipated 75 percent of pedestrian hazards, versus 89 percent with a 2 second warning, 92 percent with a 3 second warning, and 91 percent…
Findings
Real-time audio and visual eco-driving strategies could reduce around 10 percent of Carbon dioxide (CO2), and over 30 percent of Carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and…
Findings
Real-time eco-driving suggestions are effective for automated vehicles. Under the same vehicle-to-capacity ratio, automated vehicles can generate less emissions than normal vehicles. The…
Methodology
In this study, there were two scenarios with baseline (human) driving with the default Wiedemann 99 car following algorithm, one at a low traffic volume and the other at high volume (1,…
Findings
These three crash avoidance technologies could collectively prevent or reduce the severity of as many as 1.3 million U.S. crashes a year, including 133,000 injury crashes and 10,100 fatal…
FINDINGS
Connecting drivers with riders using a decentralized blockchain network with automated smart contracts customized for ride-sharing would eliminate the 20 percent service fee required by…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
With a 100 percent CV penetration rate, the developed VSL approach consistently outperformed the uncontrolled scenario, reducing total travel time by up to 20 percent.
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
With a 100 percent penetration rate, the developed VSL approach consistently outperformed the uncontrolled scenario, reducing fuel consumption 5 to 16 percent.
Findings
A preliminary usability study of the TrIO platform showed that, in general, users found the system valuable for informing their travel decisions; 13 percent of platform users reported…
Results
The results show that HVA with two inductive loops is an effective alternative to traditional intersection control strategies, offering delay reductions of up to 32 percent over Loop-VA, for…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Findings
Compared to the No Autonomous Vehicles scenario, automation could reduce fuel consumption as market share for Autonomous Vehicles increases. When the new car sales share of Autonomous…
Findings
Compared to manually following the speed profiles recommended by the EAD application, the GlidePath Prototype reduced fuel consumption by an average of 17 percent. In some scenarios fuel…
Findings
The XC60 had an actual claim frequency 15 percent lower than the average of midsize luxury SUVs and the S60’s actual claim frequency was 16 percent lower than the average of midsized…
Findings
The modeling effort found that FCAS can prevent or mitigate up to 31 percent of all collisions, including 6 percent of serious injury crashes and 7 percent of fatal crashes.
Individually,…
METHODOLOGY
Poisson regression was used to compare rates of police-reported crash involvements per insured vehicle year in 22 U.S. states during 2010-2014 between passenger vehicle models with FCW…
METHODOLOGY
Police-reported data for the relevant crash types were obtained from 25 U.S. states for the years 2009-15. Observed counts of crashes with fatalities, injuries, and of all severities for…
Methodology
The proposed algorithm is designed to derive the fuel-optimal driving trajectory for an individual vehicle by eliminating idling in the area of an isolated signalized intersection. The…
FINDINGS
Benefits were greater if V2I communications were carried out over cellular networks instead of DSRC. This observation suggested that the longer communication ranges of cellular networks were…
FINDINGS
Benefits were greater if V2I communications were carried out over cellular networks instead of DSRC. This observation suggested that the longer communication ranges of cellular networks were…
Methodology
The system leveraged dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) capabilities between the roadway infrastructure and vehicles. The optimization was conducted in two steps: (1) Computation…
RESULTS
Between 37 percent and 86 percent of the simulated crashes could be avoided, with the highest percentage due to autonomous system braking at 0.7 g. The same system also reduced the impact…
METHODOLOGY
Study authors collected fatal crash data as well as population and unemployment data for large U.S cities, for cities both with and without red light camera enforcement. In the first…
METHODOLOGY
Researchers conducted a literature review and noted that previous research on connected vehicles had some limitations analyzing impacts under conditions with less than 100 percent market…
Methodology:
The HOV/HOT lane conversion strategy assumes that the toll will be dynamically set as low as necessary to equalize demand across all lanes until the HOT lane's capacity is reached.
The…
EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
A SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) model was used to evaluate three different intersection management scenarios at an isolated intersection.
Conventional fixed-time traffic…
EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
A Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) model was used to evaluate three different intersection management scenarios at an isolated intersection.
Conventional fixed-time traffic…
Methodology
Studies were conducted using driving simulators comparing six types of roadway or in-vehicle warnings with a no-warning control condition. Using multilevel modeling, the study tested…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Methodology
Using an agent-based simulation, performance is compared between a bottom-up vehicle-to-vehicle communication strategy (V2V) and a strategy combining parking sensors and vehicle-to-…
Benefits
Fuel consumption of commercial trucks is significantly influenced by air resistance at highway speeds. Shorter following gaps can significantly improve fuel economy for large trucks.…
METHODOLOGYDriving Simulator Tests
The effectiveness of a driver braking assistance system was assessed using a Berlin dynamic driving simulator. The system was designed to use radar to monitor…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGSThe following two surrogate safety measures were analyzed.1) Time-to-collision (TTC) as a measure of time a vehicle would have before it collided with one another.2) Post-encroachment-time (…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGSDelay was defined as standstill time resulting from congestion at intersections. Compared to actuated control systems the CVIC system reduced total delay times between 82 and 100 percent…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGSApplying a microscopic level emissions and fuel consumption estimation model to the mobility data indicated that the CVIC system would contribute to improved air quality and fuel consumption…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Based on the algorithms presented in this research, the fuel consumption and emissions savings for vehicles with velocity planning were estimated at 12 and 14 percent, respectively.The table below…
FINDINGSThe results of the case study indicated that eco-driving can reduce emissions by more than 50 percent and reduce travel time by about seven percent compared to a normal driving strategy.
RESULTS:
The report cites another source that compares the operational benefits of ACS-Lite, InSync, and SCATS. 12 studies (4 for each system) were compared. Of the benefits reported, the most common…
Methodology
A formal analysis was conducted that set out to find safe following distances for vehicles utilizing sensors, vehicles utilizing sensors in conjunction with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
There are several types of lane departure strategies to provide guidance to drivers entering a horizontal curve. These include low-cost solutions such as guardrails and rumble strips; but there are…
FINDINGS
Congestion benefits were estimated to accrue early after deployment followed by safety benefits as the system matures and market penetration levels increase. For example, with 10 percent…
FINDINGSCongestion benefits were estimated to accrue early after deployment followed by safety benefits as the system matures and market penetration levels increase. For example, with 10 percent…
MethodologyPotential safety benefits are expected from the ability of the PCAM-equipped vehicle to avoid and mitigate crashes by a reduction in vehicle speed. The potential annual safety benefits…
MethodologyThe study authors identified 1,040,000 annual crashes that could be affected by IMA and LTA deployment. The authors then calculated the preliminary crash avoidance and crashworthiness…
Methodology
A range of methodologies were used, summarized as follows:
The effectiveness of ESC technology was assessed by comparing crash risk in crash types (rollover and single-vehicle crashes)…
METHODOLOGYOnline surveys were used to collect data from both drivers and carriers. Paper surveys were used to collect additional data from drivers at trucking shows and other events. Survey…
METHODOLOGYFifty (50) men and women were recruited to participate in the experiment. Participants were divided into two groups consisting of 24 professional taxi drivers and 26 non-professional…
FINDINGSThe effectiveness of rear-view video systems was estimated to range from 28 to 33 percent which is substantially better than alternative "sensor-only systems" currently available. Applying…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGSThe table below summarize results from field studies. Adaptive Signal Control SystemTravel TimeDelaysStopsSCOOT-29% to -5%-28% to -2%-32% to -17%SCATS-20% to 0%-19% to 3%-24% to 5%OPAC-26% to…
FINDINGSPreliminary results indicated that the eco-driving velocity planning algorithm improved fuel economy 10 to 15 percent compared to the baseline case without the system.Researchers found that…
MethodThis study focused on four average travel delay measures of effectiveness: bus vehicle delay, major-street through vehicle delay, minor-street through vehicle delay, and intersection vehicle…
The survivable weather-responsive traffic signal system developed as part of this project was evaluated and tested by conducting two analyses: traffic system benefits analysis and software testing…
The primary evaluation objective of the Security Benefits Assessment is to examine the ability of the test technology suites to improve HAZMAT shipment security. This objective is achieved by…
FINDINGSRegardless of technology configuration in the FOT, two technologies create the enabling platform on which the other test technologies operate - Wireless Communications and asset positioning/…
MethodologyThe vehicle models included in this study were general fleet vehicles that changed from no ESC available in one model year to ESC as standard equipment in the next model year without any…
MethodologySince the Dynamic Mobility Applications (DMA) are still being defined, they have neither been field-tested nor simulated. However there have been some simulation, field-testing, and…
FindingsTravel Time SavingsTravel time savings associated with TSP in North America have ranged from 2 to 18 percent, with typical reductions of 8 to 12 percent. In Los Angeles, the MTA saw a 7.5…
FINDINGSResults from the simulation (subject to several assumptions and simplifications) indicated that connected vehicle technologies can increase capacity by 20 to 50 percent. Benefits varied…
FINDINGS
The I-81 simulation found that real-time applications for predictive ECC can reduce fuel consumption up to 15 percent when compared to conventional cruise control systems, however, for…
MethodologyThe CTS system utilizes an integration of the Lucas-Kanade (L-K) optical flow method, as well as the Hough transform-based lane detection method, in order to reliably track vehicle…
FINDINGSAlthough the difference in the frequency of "collision" claims was relatively minor between vehicles with and without the active bending headlight technology, the frequency of "property…
FindingsNHTSA determined through extensive testing that the only technology available that would significantly decrease the number of backover crashes resulting in fatalities or injuries is the…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGS
The following data listed in Table 3 of the source report and drawn from the LTCCS Analysis Report (Kingsley 2009) ranked ITS countermeasures by their potential to prevent crashes.
…
Methodology
ATCS ideally outperform the traditional systems when the system is experiencing non-recurring congestion, such as that caused by incidents and special events. The benefits of these…
Findings
Some examples of benefits from regional transportation operations collaborations include:
A multi-jurisdictional emergency response crew in the Phoenix metropolitan area provides services…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FindingsSurvey based results on the e-Manifest system were mixed primarily due to early adoption learning curves, as well as high training and other initial setup costs. While a web-portal system is…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FindingsSurvey based results on the e-Manifest system were mixed primarily due to early adoption learning curves, as well as high training and other initial setup costs. While a web-portal system is…
MOTOR CARRIER SURVEYBetween December 29, 2006 and March 19, 2007 a total of 848 commercial motor carriers responded to a telephone survey to collect information on the attitudes of private-sector…
FINDINGSThe CVISN safety analysis examined the potential benefits using a centralized national and statewide safety database to enhance administrative processes associated with information exchange…
MOTOR CARRIER SURVEYElectronic credentialingApproximately 13 percent of motor carriers (representing nearly 46 percent of power units) reported using electronic credentialing within 12 months of the…
BRT system performance was assessed using six key performance attributes: travel time, reliability, identity and image, safety and security, capacity, and accessibility. The potential of ITS…
BENEFIT-TO-COST ANALYSIS
Overall, the benefits and costs of statewide CVISN applications were dependent on the system configuration and cost, level of deployment, and the benefits of crash avoidance…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
FINDINGSPreliminary findings from the five hypotheses tested are shown below.Hypothesis 1 - Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) or automatic tire inflation systems (ATIS) use will increase the…
The Rural Highway Driver Warning System (RHDWS) is designed for preventing run-off-road (ROR) collisions on curvy rural highways. In this system, three types of warnings were provided to the drivers…
RESULTS
In January 2004, GMAC Insurance and OnStar jointly announced that drivers in Pennsylvania, Arizona, Indiana, and Illinois with active OnStar accounts, which are used to communicate vehicle…
Beginning in 2004, Progressive Insurance began its TripSense Program in Minnesota, Michigan, and Oregon. TripSense collected data—including miles and the time of day driven, hard acceleration,…
METHODOLOGYThe value analysis considered multiple stakeholder perspectives in an attempt to leverage expectations to identify the key performance indicators for 9-1-1 and the potential performance of…
METHODOLOGYThe study modeled the impact of a roadside changeable message sign (CMS) and an in-vehicle driver alert system on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Although the savings for one vehicle…
METHODOLOGYThe technology evaluated represented a typical system available on the commercial market designed to provide audible and/or visual warnings to drivers when another vehicle or object is…
METHODOLOGYThe technology evaluated represented a typical system available on the commercial market that can warn drivers of unsafe lane departures using a forward-looking video camera and on-board…
FINDINGSSeriously injured vehicle occupants are defined as those who have sustained one or more injuries with an Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) Score of 3 or higher (includesAIS 3, AIS 4, AIS 5,…
FINDINGSAlthough findings are based on preliminary data with relatively low crash counts, the implications are clear. Looking at the complete US, 10 percent of all BMW ACN crashes had no voice…
FINDINGS
Results showed that the Side Object Detection System (SODS) was the only cost-effective system, with a benefit-cost ratio ranging from 0.37 to 3.55. The cost-effectiveness of SODS is…
FINDINGSThe costs and performance data collected from selected agencies were input into the Practitioner’s Guide and used to model six different BRT development scenarios. The analysis provided a…
FINDINGS
Researchers examined measured/estimated impacts of transit signal priority (TSP) on travel time, reliability (schedule adherence), operating costs, and general traffic. The table below…
FINDINGSAlthough the basic system architecture of bus AVL systems has not changed much over the past 10 years, the degree of functionality and reliability of these systems has increased remarkably.…
A Business Case for Electronic Screening
A business case for electronic screening based on data from by 38 motor carriers and service bureaus found that the motor carriers that participated in…
CVISN Business Case Analysis of Electronic CredentialingThe benefits of electronic credentialing reported below are based on the data provided by 38 motor carriers and service bureaus contacted by…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
For the Benefit Cost Analysis, the benefits in terms of crash cost avoidance were compared to the costs in terms of total technology costs. The data for the potential benefit, measured in terms of…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
The methodology for this analysis was based on estimates of crash cost avoidance for the primary types of crashes that can be addressed by the RSC systems on combination vehicles. RSC system benefits…
This report provides a literature review of general data management practices. One source reveals that:A 1998 study, which used information gathered from more than 60 organizations that had…
This research attempts to synthesize existing data and previous research to develop a comprehensive examination of the state-of-the-practice for oversized vehicle warning devices. The lack of…
RESULTSThe 100 Volvo Class 8 tractors deployed were divided into three groups. The first group of 20 “Baseline” tractors was operated without the three safety systems for approximately two years. The…
Self-evaluation survey forms were made available to state CVISN managers encouraging them to record and share information regarding their experiences with their electronic screening, safety…
RESULTS This report presents findings from an analysis of the data collected through driver surveys conducted at both the beginning and the end of the evaluation period. The first survey (Phase I)…
Rear-end, roadway departure, and lane-change crashes accounted for about 60 percent of all light vehicle and heavy commercial truck crashes, resulting in 1,550,000 and 69,000 injured persons,…
The relationship between speed and traffic safety is generally well accepted by researchers and public safety officials. That higher speeds are associated with increasing crash severity is…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
RESULTSWhile both cars and SUVs benefit from ESC, the reduction in the risk of single-vehicle crashes was significantly greater for SUVs — 49 percent versus 33 percent for cars. The reduction in…
An extensive literature review on automatic bridge deck anti-icing systems was executed. Researchers also reviewed the experiences of several transportation agencies that deploy such systems.…
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSISA high-level benefit-cost study was conducted to estimate the potential impacts of widespread deployment. The benefit-cost model evaluated four deployment scenarios: CWS applied…
CUSTOMER SATISFACTIONTelephone interviews were conducted with 200 drivers in two phases to assess their perceptions and acceptance of system performance. Phase-1 (22 – 27 October 2001) included 117…
RESULTSThe assessment indicated that the application of AVL in highway maintenance has a benefit-to-cost ratio ranging from 2.6:1 using conservative assumptions, to 24:1 (or higher) using moderate…
FINDINGSThe results indicated that trucks equipped with CWS or the bundled system (CWS + ACC + AdvBS) can avoid up to 21 percent or 28 percent of rear-end crashes, respectively.CWS was the most…
FINDINGSTechnology performance overall for the technologies was good, with most technologies performing well under operational conditions with the exception of fingerprint recognition and electronic…
FINDINGS
The tested technologies showed the capability to significantly reduce the vulnerability of hazardous materials transportation, with the greatest reductions for the attack profile: theft.…
To evaluate the system, driver experiments were conducted and the RORSIM vehicle dynamics model was programmed to simulate the lane keeping ability of real drivers, and provide estimates of crash…
Commercial vehicle crashes were relatively rare in the program study area, therefore, safety benefits were estimated using a crash avoidance probability model. The model used inspection selection…
In-person interviews were conducted to obtain cost data from motor carriers and state agencies participating in the International Registration Plan (IRP), and International Fuel Task Agreement (IFTA…
Customer satisfaction studies were conducted. Mail-in surveys were received from 158 motor carriers and in-person interviews were conducted with 61 truck drivers. FINDINGSMotor carriers were…
Customer satisfaction studies were conducted. Three-hundred and seventy (370) questionnaires were collected from CVO inspectors and 50 inspectors participated in focus groups.FINDINGSOverall, CVO…
Twelve (12) motor carriers and 10 members of a public/private partnership volunteered for the project. At the conclusion of the FleetForward test, survey guide forms were provided to participants in…
In 1997, a modeling study conducted by the NHTSA found that rear end crash driver warning systems were effective in 42 percent of rear end crashes in the "lead vehicle decelerating" scenario, and…
In 1997, a modeling study conducted by the NHTS found that lane change/merge crash avoidance system would be effective in 37 percent of crashes, and the road-departure countermeasure system would be…
Findings/Benefits
Reaction, Braking Time, and Time to Stop: Post-hoc tests found the virtual shadow reduced reaction time while increasing braking time, resulting in the same time to stop as the…
Dynamic Parking ManagementDynamic parking management attempts to manage demand for parking spaces through variable parking rates and dissemination of real-time parking availability information. The…
An NHTSA modeling study concluded that rear end crash driver warning systems, lane change/merge crash avoidance system, and the road-departure countermeasure system could result in an annual economic…
FINDINGSReinterpreting the results of the February 2011 study conducted by IIHS, USF researchers indicated that the before and after data actually show that cities using red light cameras had a 25…
Establish guiding principles in advance to carefully consider tradeoffs such as maximum deceleration limits in protecting passenger and external vulnerable road users. System developers should define…
Code and quantify CAV-Path data consistently at the national level. To develop usable national CAV-Path data that will be easily computable by a CAV, it must be consistent. The data provided by…
Development of this primer was made possible by 23 specialists and practitioners that conducted an expert review of this primer and participated in a one-day workshop in June 2015 to discuss shared…
The main key findings of this report include the following:
Attention is needed when adopting current automation technology designed for non-transit vehicles because they may have limited…
The following lessons were derived from the source report.
Develop a Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) framework to focus attention on the most important metrics for each corridor. Large quantities of…
The end of the report includes summarized key findings. These included the following recommendations and identified best practices:
Share data on transit passengers to generate value. The data…
The suggestions offered by the researchers included the following:
Include smart infrastructure in urban environments. Researchers noted the risk that pedestrians may become used to AVs reliably…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
BEST PRACTICES
Establish consistent metrics to evaluate the success of the UAS deployment. The authors noted that current metrics exhibited significant gaps, which could be filled via integration of…
To help support mass installation of EV chargers, a research team from the Rocky Mountain Institute studied ways to lower EV charger costs including procurement, installation, and operations and…
Agencies should build on existing institutional arrangements in an attempt to build consensus, developing clearly defined roles and responsibilities along with tempered expectations. Within these…
The authors reviewed studies and literature from speed and red-light camera programs in the United States and from countries around the world where they are widely used. Highlights of findings…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Equipping large trucks with lane departure warning (LDW) and video-based on-board safety systems were found to be cost effective on a societal level for all combinations of costs, efficacy, and…
Background Information:
The U.S. DOT launched the Work Zone Data Exchange (WZDx) Project in March 2018, following a December 2017 Roundtable on Data for Automated Vehicle (AV) Safety that highlighted…
Key findings and deployment recommendations:
Start projects where potential benefit-to-cost ratios are greatest. Benefit-to-cost assessments should be conducted early in a SmartPark project to…
Quality assurance and quality control methods for collecting transportation data are common topics of concern for agencies. The TRB committee assembled a list of best practices for field device…
Connected Vehicles (CV)s are those that have the ability to communicate with nearby vehicles, infrastructure, or even with devices held by pedestrians. Through this communication, CVs can ensure that…
The collection and use of bicycle and pedestrian data on a broad scale is an emerging field within traffic monitoring. It is not yet institutionalized or nationally mandated like motor vehicle data…
Drivers with stronger mental models (i.e. understanding) of ADAS performed significantly better compared to drivers with weaker mental models.
Drivers with stronger mental models were faster to react…
The following considerations should be made when developing and deploying crowdsourced data applications:
Use a free source or application to gather crowdsourced data before creating a custom…
The assessment identified major challenges faced by agencies seeking to update their service and offered recommendations to meet them:
Fare Simplification. Many transit agencies have had their fare…
The report noted the benefits of mobile ticketing, including the ability for increased flexibility from the agency’s end in issuing incentives and refunds. However, agencies must first design and…
MPI offers flexible, technology-forward solutions to transit providers. However, agencies have both a legal and an ethical responsibility to serve their entire populations, and not all users have…
The paper noted some key lessons learned for OSS:
Greater control and faster response to strategic software development priorities. Agencies using OSS may have much closer control over their…
BEST PRACTICES
The authors noted recommendations for agencies considering the implementation of OSS:
Agencies should update procurement requirements and practices. While OSS may not always be the…
The large size of crowdsource data sets pose challenges to agencies' legacy data-management systems. Agencies should invest IT infrastructure including computing, storage, and management capabilities…
Licensing agreements often place restrictions on what crowdsource data may be shared with the public. Agencies should specify a data-sharing plan in contracts to acquire crowdsource data to address…
Lack of transparency in proprietary methods used to clean, process, and aggregate crowdsource data is often cited as the main reason transportation agencies are hesitant to integrate these data into…
As part of this effort, the team identified key areas to be considered in future work on automated shuttles. They issued the following recommendations:
Create sustainable mobility ecosystems. The…
The results of the simulation indicated that a DSRC signal with a wavelength of 0.05 meter will persist in its integrity and quality while propagated through a foggy environment under a wide range of…
Using ADAS resulted in "increased occurrence of distracted driving behaviors."
L2 systems did not increase distracted driving behaviors
ADAS systems reduced the incidence of speeding behavior by…
FINDINGS
Based on the test track results the Volpe Center offered several recommendations for features of the CACC-based vehicle platooning system.
Design of Vehicle Platooning Proof-of-Concept
When…
Recommendations for infrastructure upgrades to improve function ADAS and AV Camera technology applications.
Very wide or narrow lane marks are uncommon and should be discouraged; 12 to 15 cm is the…
None of the systems warned the driver about a pedestrian or applied automatic braking when tested under nighttime, low light conditions
During right-turn tests (analogous to right-turn-on-red…
Performance data collected during the simulated drives and self-reported questionnaire responses were used to evaluate driver behavior and comprehension of the reversible lane designs and associated…
Cloud computing will be key to cope with increased volumes, velocity, and variety of data. Agencies, however, may have to give up the ability to store data internally and will need to be convinced…
The following are several recommendations presented in the report that highlight the range of issues agencies need to consider within short-, medium-, and long-term transportation planning efforts:…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
The paper presents several best practices and lessons learned for launching a successful carsharing or new mobility service, including:
Understand the market and customer base to define a tailored…
All networks can be breached and exploited, given enough time and resources. A TMC can make cyber-attacks harder by taking a "Defense in Depth" approach and interrupting as many of the attacker's…
Despite the challenges and limitations above, CV project managers and stakeholders noted that none of the challenges were insurmountable. By utilizing both state and federal resources, along with…
The report summarizes its major suggestions and recommended best practices as follows:
Improve Program Management
Bolster National Leadership
Congress could establish a NHTSA National Priority Safety…
Determine whether to use a single vs. multiple root CA based on operational and public interest objectives. An SCMS design allows for single or multiple roots. SCMS deployment could feature a single…
Corrective responses appear to be generally boosted by LDW presence, with the wheel-vibration LDW resulting in somewhat greater response than a directional audio LDW.
The results demonstrated that mobile LiDAR has the highest overall score when data completeness and data quality are considered a top priority. This method is capable of collecting a large amount of…
With appropriate regulation, and perhaps even subsidization to meet specific public policy goals, these new services can and should be integrated into metropolitan transportation systems to improve…
Post warning messages on DMS that describe how drivers should react to hazardous conditions rather than just notifying them of the hazard ahead. Presence of a DMS does not have a significant impact…
Include pedestrian collision warnings on in-vehicle heads-up displays to reduce reaction time, maximum deceleration, and, in some cases, stopping distance and braking time.
Reaction, Braking Time,…
Overall, users agreed that the dashboard was enjoyable and easy to use in addition to being helpful in adopting new travel behaviors. Results indicated that users retained a strong preference for…
The following should be considered in DCFC site selections:
DCFC sites should be located along major transportation corridors
Approximately half of the DCFC sites along a transportation corridor…
There are a number of considerations involved in the decision of DCFC systems.
Permitting. Significant changes in a host facility's electrical and physical systems through addition of a DCFC will…
Owners of EV charging stations can choose to charge customers by kWh, by the hour, per session, or some combination thereof. Billing for the electricity consumed (by kWh) seems intuitive, but does…
It is vital to market the benefits of roadway pricing projects throughout the lifespan of these projects as the initial reaction to these projects is typically negative. Specific strategies to help…
The costs associated with installing Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) can vary widely, depending on site location, available electrical capacity, and labor costs, but agencies can use the…
Practices associated with successful ATM programs:
Identify needs for dynamic management of arterial operations (recurring and nonrecurring traffic congestion with limited capacity improvement…
Moving toward a regional fare policy or regional fare system should occur only after a deliberate and well-thought-out process involving an honest assessment of the needs, potential costs, and…
This study conducted by the Volpe Center surveyed and analyzed wayfinding technologies in nine metropolitan areas: (1) San Francisco, California, (2) Portland, Oregon, (3) Seattle, Washington, (4)…
The purpose of this document is to guide the user through the process of developing SE documents for assessment and selection of adaptive signal control technology (ASCT) systems. This document is…
The SafeTrip-21 Initiative captured many lessons learned during the evaluation of eight ITS applications some of the lessons included mitigating risks, identification of success factors, and the…
The eight synthesis themes can be considered lessons learned for public officials, experts, and advocates in garnering support for or raising opposition to tolling and road pricing initiatives.
…
The purpose of the Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) is to give the project owners/stakeholders a tool to manage the complexity of the project. The SEMP helps to lead the technical…
As a corridor is being considered for ICM, it is important that all agencies affecting the operation and maintenance of all networks are invited and participate in the planning of the ICM. The roles…
Eventually the ICMS may become obsolete or require a major overhaul replacing some or all of the original system. Stakeholders will need to have a plan in place to accommodate these types of changes…
Operations and maintenance activities include operating the system, monitoring system performance, performing system diagnostics, making repairs, and making updates and changes to the system. Once…
After the critical design review (CDR) has been completed and the detailed design has been approved, system development and implementation, also known as build and test, can begin. At this point…
After the preliminary design review has been completed and the high-level design and system requirements have been approved, the component level detailed design can begin. At this point system…
Having a good requirements development process is vital to defining the details of the system and communicating those details so that a physical system can be implemented. The System Requirements…
System architectures can be described from many perspectives using various methods and modeling techniques. Some are described as logical or functional views, physical views, operational views,…
Development of the ConOps is key to defining the system that will be built. The ConOps will document what the ICMS must do and at what level it is expected to perform. The ConOps provides the vehicle…
Developing and deploying an ICMS is not a trivial exercise. When establishing goals and objectives for developing a successful ICM project and planning for success, it is vital that the project team…
This report, authored by the Transportation Research Board in 2011, documents the results of a study to develop specifications for content and structure of a national freight data architecture that…
The SafeTrip-21 Initiative developed new approaches to address distracted driving. Organizations and individuals are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers associated with distracted driving. The…
The SafeTrip-21 Initiative captured many lessons learned during the evaluation of eight ITS applications some of the lessons focused on the user experience including how information is designed and…
The SafeTrip-21 Initiative demonstrated the feasibility of alternative approaches to collecting and using traffic data. One aspect of this evaluation was an exploration of alternative approaches to…
The guidelines below have been extracted from the source report and presented from a systems engineering perspective.Consider the following when eliciting stakeholder requirements that can be used to…
Implementation of new technologies (such as video detection, battery back-up system, solar-powered school flashers and radio interconnect);
purchase of new equipment;
establishment of a regular…
The Federal government created the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility in 2004 to improve the efficiency and quality of service for the range of transportation…
Transportation Management Centers are established around the country to integrate data, information, and systems in support of day-to-day traffic and emergency operations. A primary challenge that…
This study evaluated different vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems deployment options and included a cost analysis using data derived from four main industry stakeholder groups:…
This study introduced a flexible method to evaluate performance-based traffic signal operations and maintenance. The intent was to describe advantages and disadvantages of using a proactive,…
The report authors analyzed the capital costs of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure needed for public, workplace, and home charging for the most populous 100 metropolitan areas in the…
Although technologies such as induction loop detectors installed at parking entry and exit points can be cheaper to implement compared to a single-space parking space occupancy detection system that…
A vision-based advanced driver assistance system being developed by Mobileye uses cameras strategically placed around the perimeter of a vehicle to improve blind-spot detection on both cars and…
This report examined the potential of a nationwide deployment of a SmartPark system designed to help truck drivers find a safe and available parking. SmartPark systems work by collecting real-time…
Crowdsourcing supported by social media applications has emerged as a low-cost approach to generate data by enlisting or encouraging citizens to participate in data collection and verification. One…
This report summarized cost information collected from interviews with state DOT representatives regarding the costs to plan, develop, operate, and maintain citizen reporting traveler information…
This paper presents a new type of wireless in-vehicle system designed for real-time traffic estimation and road surface monitoring. The platform is mainly designed for probe vehicles but can be…
A research project conducted by the Oregon DOT included a literature search and a survey of state and local agencies to collect information about available GPS/AVL equipment and how winter…
This project developed and demonstrated a variety of smart-transport technologies, policies, and practices for highways and freeways using connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), smartphones, roadside…
The purpose of this study was to identify cost-effective methods for collecting and processing highway infrastructure geo-referencing and geo-spatial data. The following data collection methods were…
This research analyzed the cost of alternative on-board unit (OBU) configurations required to support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications for light vehicles. The following primary cost drivers…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Highway advisory radio (HAR) is an older strategy for disseminating traveler information, but it is still valuable for regional traveler information, especially in emergencies. To understand the…
This paper evaluates the benefits and costs of fleet-wide deployment of blind spot monitoring, lane departure warning, and forward collision warning crash avoidance systems within the US light-duty…
According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data, on average, two to three rear-end collisions involving heavy trucks occur somewhere in the U.S. every hour. In response to these…
Since the introduction of publicly accessible direct current fast charging (DCFC) systems during the EV Project in 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy and others have conducted surveys on deployment…
Since the introduction of publicly accessible direct current fast charging (DCFC) systems during the EV Project in 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy and others have conducted surveys on deployment…
Since the introduction of publicly accessible direct current fast charging (DCFC) systems during the EV Project in 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy and others have conducted surveys on deployment…
Since the introduction of publicly accessible direct current fast charging (DCFC) systems during the EV Project in 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy and others have conducted surveys on deployment…
This article highlighted prices for driver assistance options in new vehicles (2015-2016). Although most options listed are only available in luxury models the technology is becoming more accessible…
Enforcement of rules mandating electronic logging of commercial vehicle activities with electronic logging devices (ELDs) by drivers and fleets is due to begin in September 2017.Costs
Implementation…
The U.S. DOT's FHWA division released a report about the considerations for implementing Adaptive Signal Control Technology (ASCT). The average costs for the different system types were as follows:…
In public-private collaboration with industry and the USDOT, the Federal Highway Administration, in 2006, began development of an electronic freight management system to help optimize the delivery of…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
The USDOT in partnership with Transport Canada, AASHTO and in cooperation with other nationwide stakeholders, conducted analyses leading to a preliminary general concept of a national Connected…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
This paper provided an overview of commonly deployed adaptive traffic signal control systems. A literature review was conducted to detail functions and features of the five most widely deployed…
The NHTSA submitted a final rule requiring more stringent rear-visibility standards in light vehicles. Effective June 6, 2014 the regulation will require automakers to phase-in the installation of…
In cooperation with industry, and on behalf of the U.S. DOT Office of Operations, research was conducted to better understand the use of mobile data for Weather-Responsive Traffic Management Models…
Respondents of the Connected Vehicle (CV) Technology Industry Delphi study overwhelmingly reaffirmed the consensus that Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is needed for cooperative, active…
Background
Transit preferential treatments have been deployed across the United States and around the world in order to improve travel times and reliability of bus and light rail routes. Examples of…
This source report evaluated the deployment Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) used to support commercial vehicle operations. A motor carrier survey, cost analysis, safety…
This source report evaluated the deployment Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) used to support commercial vehicle operations. A motor carrier survey, cost analysis, safety…
This source report evaluated the deployment Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) used to support commercial vehicle operations. A motor carrier survey, cost analysis, safety…
This report describes the physical components, operational functions, and performance characteristics of bus rapid transit (BRT) services implemented in the United States and internationally over the…
This report describes the physical components, operational functions, and performance characteristics of bus rapid transit (BRT) services implemented in the United States and abroad over the last…
A study published in 2010 reported that the installation cost per intersection of Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) varied significantly among ATCS users, ranging from $20,000 to more than $70,…
The cost, value, and risk of implementing a Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) system has been evaluated by the U.S. DOT on a national scale and published in a series of reports. Final conclusions and…
The goal of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes. Over the last several years, the FMCSA has collaborated…
The goal of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes. Over the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with…
The U.S. DOT sponsored a study to assess the business case for, or against, an integrated vehicle-based safety system (IVBSS) for transit buses. The study evaluated the technical, financial, and…
The startup costs of enrolling in electronic screening are primarily associated with membership fees and the costs of transponders. Recurrent costs incur from monthly subscriptions of bypass fees and…
Electronic credentialing incurred minimal startup and annual costs for 38 companies involved in interstate commerce. Startup and annual costs were associated with the requirement for a computer…
A Transportation Research Board (TRB) study examined the costs, impacts, and effectiveness of several bus rapid transit (BRT) systems in the United States and abroad. Unit costs were identified for…
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) published a compendium of advances and trends in emerging transit Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), reported as of 2006 (see Source). The FTA study…
Optimizing signal timing is considered a low-cost approach to reducing congestion. Based on data from six separate studies, the costs range from $2,500 to $3,100 per signal per update. While this…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
Optimizing signal timing is considered a low-cost approach to reducing congestion. Based on data from six separate studies, the costs range from $2,500 to $3,100 per signal per update. While this…
Optimizing signal timing is considered a low-cost approach to reducing congestion. Based on data from six separate studies, the costs range from $2,500 to $3,100 per signal per update. While this…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) partnered with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to encourage the implementation of work zone ITS through an…
The 511 Coalition collected cost data representative of actual 511 deployments from around the U.S. that can apply to either a state or metropolitan area. Costs are broken down by five general…
Four fleets outfitted with a collision warning system (CWS), which uses radar technology, noticed reductions in front-in collisions and sideswipes during lane changes and right turns. The average…
A tracking device installed on fleet trailers can integrate Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with the Internet to provide a secure cost-effective method for remote and accurate management…
This research was conducted by the Volpe Center and builds upon prior work performed by Volpe and other agencies for the Federal Transit Administration under the Advanced Public Transportation System…
Content references source material no longer available at its original location.
This report examines general issues associated with the deployment of transit signal priority (TSP) systems. Technical input derived from a number of transportation engineers and transit operators…
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has proposed a rule that would expand the required field of view for all passenger cars, pickup trucks, minivans, buses and low-speed…